Sunday, 24 May 2020

Research: Terminology and Process

What is research and the objectives of research?
  Generally, we use the term 'search' for the meanings, to find out, to know, to learn, or to investigate. Research moves one step further, is an academic activity that involves certain techniques to find out the truth. So, research stands for filling the knowledge gap, to negate the findings that already have been researched, to approve the findings with new perspectives. Besides, research helps us to enlarge the findings (add something new to the findings). Basically, research is a process that involves a few logical steps to conclude as a result of the findings. The steps are followed in an identical sequence manner so that the entire research work seems logically connected to others. First, we define or redefine problems and try to formulate a hypothesis or possible solutions to the research problem. The hypothesis followed by collection data (basic information) and need to organize and evaluate it, then finally, reaching to some findings (conclusions) based on the organization, analysis, and interpretation of the information collected. It also includes testing the findings regarding the hypothesis. Research is, thus, a close, careful, and systematic study of a subject.

 The objectives of research may vary according to the fields of the researcher and the profile of the researchers. The significant purposes of research in Literature are as follow:
  • To obtain a research degree.
  •  To acquire specialization in a particular subject.
  •  To face the academic competition.
  •  To improve teaching, to satisfy the curiosity.
  •  To fulfill some academic need.
  • To resolve a conflict.
  •  To contribute to the collective efforts for enhancing knowledge.
  • To sharpen the critical insight and literary sensibility.
  • To cultivate own ability of abstract thinking.

Understanding Research Assignment



The research assignment is preplanning of entire research. The research assignments prepared well; it helps us to move further, knowing the things to be done. We choose (Scholar's interest) the topic on the advice of the supervisor. Aware of objectives, target audience, length and time limit of completion of the research paper, we start to going library or surfing the internet or the fieldwork (according to the nature of research). We always keep a research notebook to note down the working bibliography and notes extracting out of them as primary and secondary resources. We should also be aware of the scope of research to work accordingly. Research work should be explorative rather than persuasive. And preparing a research strategy that includes judging the merits and demerits of the resources, utilising the available resources, and the authenticity of the sources.

Selection of Topic
Research work begins with the selection of a tentative topic based on a scholar's research interest area. We choose the topic on the advice of the supervisor in the form of modification. He may suggest some changes, suggestions on the topic or in its wording. The topic must be of the candidate's interest. To make the topic precise or focused, we eliminate unwanted words to narrow down a specific question or problem. We should also be aware of the research scope/limitation.

Thus the selection of an appropriate topic depends on:
  • Previous reading in the area of the topic.
  •  Defining the purpose and the objectives in the context of the topic. Wording the topic in the proper form.
  • They are making sure the availability of the required primary and secondary sources of the topic.
  • The need and Knowledge of the previous work done on the topic.  
  • And the relevance of the topic that entails the applicability of the research work.



Tuesday, 19 May 2020

The Road not Taken By Robert Frost


About Author

Robert Frost is an American poet who has undergone hard times throughout his initial phase of a writing career. As a poet, Frost faced a lot of ups and downs to get his poem published in America. His initial poems used to be published in England, having enough publicity there as a poet, came back to America and achieved the lost dignity on his native land. He is primarily a poet of the fundamental existence of human life. He composes poems aiming at the life of humans in the center. As Mathew Arnold tried to explain poetry and relates it to human life, "poetry is nothing but the anatomy of life", fits best on Robert Frost practically. The Poem 'The Road not Taken' published in a collection 'Mountain Interval' in 1916. This poem is well received across the globe, the title is well familiar among the students. Generally, his poems have been prescribed to high school level and higher education. Particularly the poem 'The Road not Taken' has become common in Indian universities and schools. The poem is figurative as depicts human life with many choices at that time people need to be judicious and thoughtful to take the right decision. 


Paraphrase

The poem consists of four stanzas, each stanza has been arranged in sequence manner. The first stanza introduces us to the poet who is standing on a road that diverges into two and goes into the yellow forest. the poet is not in haste to choose the one to move further. After much consideration and thinking about the suitability for his traveling to the final destination. The poet asserts that he can not travel on both roads rather will travel on one road as far as he can. Moving to the second stanza, the poet assures that what he has chosen is the outcome of much consideration. And he is also responsible for further outcomes as well. the poet finds himself on the equal distance where another road is coming parallel. Now the third stanza, it is early morning time and the poet finds himself on the same distance and perhaps he was the first on the way on that road. Leaves were lying, no footprint was there on the road. At that time, he was the first and last traveler who has used that road to reach the destination. He is firmly determined for his tireless traveling till the final destination. In the fourth concluding stanza, the poet much elated by his crowd less successful traveling will echo the same ages and ages. this is what makes the poet's journey with a difference.


Conclusion

thus the poem is much inspirational for youths who are on the journey of their career. Sometimes, our youths seem a little bit perplexed regarding their career option and their ability. The parents, sometimes, impose their wishes on their children for their future career is not fair or judicious. It is also evident that many youths obsessed with herd mentality or group behavior that create danger for the parents as well as children. The economical condition of parents and the ability of children should have the determining points for their future career.


Wednesday, 7 August 2019

Every Cloud has a Silver Lining.


Every Cloud has Silver lining is best befitted for the humankind. This is the idea that has helped humankind.  any unfavourable circumstances and turns of life comes with a ray of way out. Naturally, human can not be enveloped with the darkness of uneasy time for a long period. It is our point of views to see our life differently.  depends on out intellect that what we want to see. Bertrand Russel has rightly said that humankind is distinct from other animals on this planet in terms of intellectual and moral qualities. Here our intellectual works to seek a thin thread of overcoming from the all-round sack of hopelessness in our life. Again, this is the very intellectual that throws human in the desert.
Tus the people should keep the idea as touchstone that they are not born for straight way of life rather there are many turns and twist altogether. They should not lose their confidence in any condition. They should face ups and downs of life patiently. During the course of life people go through all sorts of day- happy as well as sorrows.



Being Handsome

This is a judgement about human character. Here the meaning of handsome is not reffered to appearance of human body. The surface meaning of handsome is fair looking of one's appearance. But this is not essentialy ture that one who is handsome in look and bad in behaviour or ugly in look and good in bhaviour. This is an specific case that can be with any one of them or with both of them or none of them too. However, the point is above these interchaning cases. We have many examples of such people who have proved their fairness by showing unbelievable work. How they managed to become from ordinary to extraordinary.
 The topic is talking about abstract qualities of a person that reflects in his and her works. In true sense, it is huamn character and moral being that brings one's identity.  In our day today life, we meet many people, but we have memory only of few people either who treated well or came over very badly. What we find in the manner of those who treated favourably? Do we find  his healthy behviour, good talking style and his positive point of views about worldly affairs?Perhaps yes.
Moreover, this is the human tendency that we talk of. Naturally, people want to have relation with such people whose name is taken with respectable words, these words are earned on the expense of their good behaviours and counted in the list of honest men.
 

Wednesday, 12 September 2018

The Daffodils by William Wordsworth



The poem Daffodils composed by William Wordsworth and published in 1807 in Poems in Two Volumes. This poem is composed after a short visit, on the way, a long belt of daffodils along with his sister in 1802. William Wordsworth as a typical nature poet of the romantic age has painted the poem with beautiful natural sceneries. This poem is very relevant today when people are more at mind than to heart though the poem is but by-product of imagination. This poem is a kind of cure for the people who have mental ailments or leading a stressful life. This poem has paved the way to be happy in the atmosphere of unhappiness. He has conveyed the message of the benefits of solitude. The entire poem has been dispersed into four stanzas in a very sequence way.

In the first stanza, the speaker has compared himself with wandering clouds and then he goes on introducing a host of animated daffodils. Resembling the clouds, he is walking here and there, as clouds swim over valley and hills. At once, he saw a crowd of golden daffodils dancing in the mild wind beside the lake and beneath the trees. In the next stanza, he goes on illustrating the daffodils with its peculiarities. He says these daffodils are shining and twinkling like stars in the Milky Way. The length of the belt of daffodils, for the poet, is endless along the bank of a bay. When he sees at a glance, he could have numbered them, ten thousand tossing their heads. In the third stanza, the poet is giving more values to these daffodils than anything else. He compares the wave of the daffodils with the wave of sparkling water, the wealth of beautiful natural sceneries with the wealth of possession, but he outshines all of them and keeps the daffodils above all. He says that company of the daffodils is very joyous and lovable.

In the concluding stanza, the poet has shown a method of living happily in an unfavourable condition. Here the speaker is lying long after the moments of daffodils, in a very pensive mood and in an unhappy environment. At once, the gone moments flashed before his inward eyes and gradually he started dancing with the host of daffodils. Thus, we have learnt that to be happy is a kind of practice, the practice of controlling the mind. To be happy and unhappy is all about mental state.


Previous Posts:

Brief Summary of Novels
Emma 

About Authors




Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems



Tuesday, 10 April 2018

Our Education System: Fact or Figure


It is common to every nook and corner across the country that the race of obtaining higher marks is on prime focus. Parents often stress their wards to score higher and higher in the assessments. Emphatically, for them, figures on the progress report is a palpable outcome of the teaching-learning process. Now, it is time to go beyond toiling figures on the progress report, think the fact, and think about your wards. To measure the progress of a child is only the marks; this is the only parameters to sum up the all-round development of a child. Someone has told that if they will study for the marks, very soon, we would have the crowd of unemployed people. Haven’t they heard that scoring a considerable mark just a matter of technique? Haven’t they heard that somebody passed the exam only in few days of study? Yes, from many, we have come across in our surroundings. It is the demand of the time to change the parameters, beyond the parameters of paper and pencil.

Just coming to the point that we are living in a dynamic society, naturally, in each face of the society people try to accommodate in that. Therefore, we need to accommodate the new parameters of testing the outcome of the children. We should give more emphasis on hands-on activities, dealing with real-life problems and facing the hardship of life. Education should not be a limited play of paper and pencil. The prevalent education system should turn more strictly to practical based learning than theorising the old drawn laws. It should have ample space or flexibility for the coming generations. It should be well prepared so that they could find it more wholesome. The same education system and same prescribed textbook, somehow, cannot be applicable on different terrain of the Earth. The prescribed syllabi must be dealt with the local surroundings and draw the innovative ways to deal with real-life problems what they prone to face.


Of course, as matter of fact, our education system is working since last few years in the field that has resulted in the existed curriculum. However, on the ground reality, it is not visible in the mindset of the students. Still, they are dragging the half-heartedly what we say hands-on or real-life based teaching-learning process. The result is before us – stress full life, educated unemployment and sometimes leading to worst act!


Previous Posts:

Brief Summary of Novels

About Authors




Shakespearean Drama


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous

When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes (Sonnet 29)



Sonnet no. 29 is one of the 154 sonnets composed by William Shakespeare. This sonnet sequence falls into two divisions, the first part is contained from sonnet no.1 to 126, dedicated to the Fair Youth. The other division which comprises from sonnet no. 127-154, dedicated to Dark Lady. Usually, there is no any certain title given to the sonnets, the first line of the sonnets is assumed as the title of the sonnets. As far Shakespearean sonnet concern, its style and structure are not taken from anywhere rather it was Shakespeare’s own innovation. He initiated the tradition of writing a sonnet that was consisted of three quatrains and concluded by a couplet. The rhyming pattern is abab cdcd efef gg.
Sonnet 29 is also composed in typical Shakespearean sonnet form, 14 line of iambic pentameter ending in a rhymed couplet. In this sonnet, the speaker regrets his status as an outcast from the society. He weeps over his fate that has been cursed. He is expressing his agony that he has been deprived of the grace and fortune due to lack of qualities and feature that his friend has. He is less confident regarding his personalities; he believes more on his friend than on himself. He feels happy to have all the qualities that his friend possesses. He wishes to be like his friend, thus he feels one of the richest fellows on the earth.


In the third quatrain, he forgets himself and takes a deep sink in thoughts of his friend. He tries to mingle two bodies into one being. Here we have a portrayal of the self-denied state of the speaker. He is most contented and in a blissful state. he is so overwhelmed in the thoughts of his friend that he thinks himself as a lark at break of day ( Like to the lark at break of day arising/ From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven’s gate). In the end, he thanks his friend for the sweet love that has brought wealth to him and became a king. 


Previous Posts:

Brief Summary of Novels

About Authors




Shakespearean Drama


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous

If thy soul check thee that I come so near ( sonnet136)

General Introduction

Sonnet no 136 falls in the second category that is dedicated to Dark Lady. As far the metrical structure and the stanza concerns resemble previous sonnets. The recurrent style and structure of Shakespearean sonnet have three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It imitates typical rhyming pattern abab cdcd efef gg, and is composed in iambic pentameter. The current sonnet continues the earlier sonnet no 135, generally, critics label these sonnets as the “Will” sonnets. In these sonnets speaker (author) depreciate himself and appreciate the counterpart. The label “Will” has been contemplated in three distinct ways. The first one refers to William Shakespeare as the speaker of the poem; the second one points out to the literal meaning of “Will”. The last one carries the sense of sexual- appeal, which was common in those days.

 Analysis

In the first quatrain, the poet is addressing to the Dark Lady and arguing her to read her own soul. The poet is referring Dark Lady’s soul as blind soul arguing that if her soul prevents her to think as he is near to her. More emphatically, the poet is assuring her that (I was thy “Will”) he is her “Will”. Further, he says that her soul knows full well, has admitted, even-though your soul checks you. In the successive stanza, the word “Will” can be interpreted in many ways. The most probably, the concurrent sense is conveyed of Sex-desire. The speaker is proposing her by supplying special love for. He says, for her there would be many lovers but suits her more than anyone. In the third quatrain, nothing is drawn more valuable or anything worthy contemplative. Indirectly, some slang terms have been used in the last quatrain. Here the speaker is beseeching the Dark Lady for making love that could quench the thirst for sexual pleasure.

In the concluding part as the couplet, the speaker shifts from the argument of “love my Will” to “love my name”. In the final line of the poem, the poet declares the ambiguous reference of the word “Will”; one will is the speaker himself and the other one stands for “wish”

Previous Posts:

Brief Summary of Novels
Emma 

About Authors




Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous
Contemporary Indian English Literature

Tuesday, 6 March 2018

Jane Austen




Introduction

Jane Austen was born on 16 Dec. 1775, in Hampshire and George Austen, is her father. She was instilled reading habit at her very early age. As a child or young woman, she drowned herself in the literary world. She often read the works by Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterne, Samuel Richardson, Fanny Burney; she was also much attracted by poets like Sir Walter Scott, William Cowper and her favourite, George Crabbe. Having well acquainted with the literary circle of the time, she had a good deal of passion for the writing. Although she has been charged for the limited boundary or merely domestic treatment in her most of novels, she has mastery over under four wall affairs. Unlike, other female novelists of the time, she chose a very peculiar part of human life as themes for her novel that could magnetize the readers spontaneously. No matter for what she has been criticised but the fact is, she is or will remain ever and ever in the matters of public discussion, will be the celebrated author.

Her Works
Of her novels, the major novels are Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), Northanger Abbey and Persuasion published posthumously in 1818. Austen wrote most of the novels between the activities of family life and the last three Mansfield Park, Emma, and Persuasion are known to have written in the busy family parlour at Chawton. For female authors, it was quite difficult to stand or to get published any work in the Victorian age. To give the considerable priority to female identity was against the trend of the age. However, after the little alterations in her works published her novels. The novels Elinor and Mariame  as Sense and Sensibility and First Impression published as Pride and Prejudice. The Watsons Sanditon is her only unfinished novel.

Despite of the criticism that justifies her works or baffles over, get the public attention. Being a novelist of the lesser circumference or under four-wall novelist, she could bring the flood of readers. Therefore, with the wide readership, critics stay her or credited for her portrayal of a world where female characters have enough freedom to exercise their wits in male dominant society. Austen became an ideal literary figure for female authors. Sir Walter Scott often praised her works in the Quarterly Review in 1815. More remarkable, she became a cult just after the publication of J.E. Austen Leigh’s memoir in 1870.


Previous Posts:

Brief Summary of Novels
Emma 

About the Prescribed Authors


Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous

Emma by Jane Austen


Characters

Emma Woodhouse: the protagonist of the novel. She holds the whole story by her moves; the other major and minor characters are mover of her moves. She is the typical heroine of Austen’s novels. She is twenty years old, mature, caring for her father and haunts loneliness because her mother is dead and older sister married.
Mr. George Knightley: he is a landowner who rents property to Martin. Somehow, he acts as counsellor to Woodhouse family. Emma’s brother in law, cares Emma.
Mr. Woodhouse: Emma’s father and the owner of the Woodhouse estate. He is an amiable old fusspot.
Harriet Smith: she is like an object of Emma’s matchmaking schemes. She is a pretty, pliant girl of 17, is the daughter of unknown parents.
Frank Churchill: a son by Mr. Weston’s former marriage and the stepson Mrs. Weston. Throughout the novel, he is thought to be a suitor for Emma.
Jane Fairfax: she acts as a rival of Emma in beauty achievement. When Fairfax arrives at Highbury, irritates Emma.
Mrs Weston: formerly known as Miss Taylor, who worked as Governess for Woodhouse. In the beginning, she treats Emma as one of the trusted companions.  


Summary

Emma as Austen’s typical heroine, a clever, pretty, and self-satisfied young woman. She is the daughter of Mr. Woodhouse and mistress of the house. Her father often thinks of unfortunate things that might happen. However, he is a good-humoured and friendly man. Anne Taylor, a former governess who is loved by Emma and her father both. Anne Taylor has just left them to marry a neighbour, Mr. Weston.

Emma, lost the Anne Taylor’s companionship, is missing her now and then. She is looking for a companion, meets Harriet Smith, a boarder at a village school of Highbury. Harriet Smith, a pretty, pliant girl of 17, is the daughter of unknown parents. Emma makes her mind to work on schemes properly for Smith’s advancement. Emma moves on, but her interfering and injudicious attempt results in a modification in the plan. Initially, she prevents Harriet to accept Robert Martin, an eligible young farmer, as being beneath her.

Such Emma’s acts annoy Mr. Knightley, the bachelor owner of Donwell Abbey. He is Emma’s brother in law. Now once again, Emma sets her mind for the matchmaking between Harriet and Mr. Elton, the young vicar, hoping that if he despises Harriet’s offer for the marriage she will take a chance for her own hands. Meanwhile, Frank Churchill, the son of Mr. Weston by the former marriage, a Youngman, looking handsome but lacking in rationalist temperament, visits Highbury. Emma falls in love with Frank Churchill, thinking that Harriet might attract him; Emma encourages Harriet not to despair her. However, the encouragement is misunderstood by Harriet; who assumes that she is directed, not to Frank Churchill but to Mr. Knightley to whom Emma herself, half unwittingly in love.

The aftermath of Emma’s encouragement or discouragement, Emma suffers for double loss; first discovering that Frank Churchill is a married man, Jane Fairfax is his wife. In addition, the second one that the truth comes on the surface that Harriet is carrying her love for Mr. Knightley. However, at the end, things came on the right way, Mr. Knightley proposes to the humbled and repentant Emma, and Harriet is happily consoled with Robert Martin.


Some Important Extracts from the Texts

The real evils indeed of Emma's situation were the power of having rather too much her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself; these were the disadvantages which threatened alloy to her many enjoyments. The danger, however, was at present so unperceived, that they did not by any means rank as misfortunes with her.
The narrator, page 8

I never thought of Miss Smith in the whole course of my existence--never paid her any attentions but as your friend: never cared whether she were dead or alive, but as your friend. If she has fancied otherwise, her own wishes have misled her, and I am very sorry--extremely sorry--But, Miss Smith, indeed!--Oh! Miss Woodhouse! who can think of Miss Smith, when MIss Woodhouse is near!
Mr. Elton, page. 124

Emma has been meaning to read more ever since she was twelve years old. I have seen a great many lists of her drawing up at various times of books that she meant to read regularly through--and very good lists they were--very well chosen, and very neatly arranged--sometimes alphabetically, and sometimes by some other rule...But I have done with expecting any course of steady reading from Emma. She will never submit to any thing requiring industry and patience, and a subjection of the fancy to the understanding.
Mr Knightley, page 37

A few minutes were sufficient for making her acquainted with her own heart. A mind like hers, once opening to suspicion, made rapid progress; she touched--she admitted--she acknowledged the whole truth. Why was it so much worse that Harriet should be in love with Mr. Knightley than with Frank Churchill? Why was the evil so dreadfully increased by Harriet’s having some hope of a return? It darted through her with the speed of an arrow that Mr. Knightley must marry no one but herself!
The narrator, page. 387

This is not pleasant to you, Emma--and it is very far from pleasant to me; but I must, I will,--I will tell you truths while I can, satisfied with proving myself your friend by very faithful counsel, and trusting that you will some time or other do me greater justice than you can do now.
Mr. Knightley, page. 352
With insufferable vanity had she believed herself in the secret of everybody's feelings; with unpardonable arrogance proposed to arrange everybody's destiny. She was proved to have been universally mistaken; and she had not quite done nothing--for she had done mischief.
The narrator, page. 387

He had misinterpreted the feelings which had kept her face averted, and her tongue motionless. They were combined only of anger against herself, mortification, and deep concern...Never had she felt so agitated, mortified, grieved, at any circumstance in her life. She was most forcibly struck. The truth of his representation there was no denying. She felt it at her heart. How could she have been so brutal, so cruel to Miss Bates!--How could she have exposed herself to such ill opinion in any one she valued! And how suffer him to leave her without saying one word of gratitude, of concurrence, of common kindness!
The narrator, page 352

I have blamed you, and lectured you, and you have borne it as no other woman in England would have bourne it. --Bear with the truths I would tell you now, dearest Emma, as well as you have borne with them.
Mr. Knightley, page 403

She would notice her; she would improve her; she would detach her from her bad acquaintances, and introduce her into good society; she would form her opinions and her manners. It would be an interesting, and certainly a very kind undertaking; highly becoming her own station in life, her leisure, and powers.
The narrator, page 24

Miss Bates stood in the very worst predicament in the world for having much of the public favour; and she had no intellectual superiority to make atonement to herself, or frighten those who might hate her, into outward respect...It was her own universal good-will and contented temper which worked such wonders. She loved every body, was interested in every body's happiness, quick-sighted to every body's merits; thought herself a most fortunate creature, and surrounded with blessings in such an excellent mother and so many good neighbors and friends, and a home that wanted for nothing. The simplicity and cheerfulness of her nature, her contented and grateful spirit, were a recommendation to every body and a mine of felicity to herself.
The narrator, page 22






Previous Posts:

About the Prescribed Authors


Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous