Sunday 25 February 2018

JSSC PGT 2018 (pgttce) English Subject Walter Horatio Pater




Walter Horatio Pater
His life
Horatio was born on 4 Aug. 1839 in Stepney, London and died at the age of 54 on 30 July 1894 in Oxford. He comes from the medical background; his father was a physician who moved to London around the 19th century to practise medicine among the poor. In 1853, Pater went to The King’s School, Canterbury, where he was enthralled to see the beauty of the Cathedral and remained with him throughout his life. His reading of John Ruskin’s Modern Painters, which inspired him or attracted towards the study of art. His early interested authors were Flaubert, Gautier, Baudelaire and Swinburne. In addition, he was also much influenced by the German authors. His interest in Hellenism, pre- Socratic and German philosophy, European art, and literature was encouraged by Benjamin Jowett, the classical scholar W.W. Capes and Mathew Arnold. He had to face harsh attack the conclusion to studies in the history of the Renaissance (1873). Today, he is known for his celebrated pagan art, and the love of art for its own sake. He devised the ultimate success in life To burn always with the hard gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. His radical critique of absolutism and explored admiration for Hellenic Homerotic discourse and culture.

His Works
As an aesthetic critic, he has philosophised the ways of the study of beauty. He was the first and foremost leader of English literary aestheticism. Pater’s critical approach outlined in the preface to The Renaissance and improved in his later writings. He argued for a subjective approach to life, ideas, art and just contrary of it, scorns for objective outlook upon anything. He favours moralistic criticism that we find generally in Mathew Arnold’s criticism. His critical method seen as a quest for the impressions, the quest for the sources of individual expression.

Studies in the History of Renaissance 1873

His tireless study and teaching at Oxford formulated to visit the continent; he went to Florence, Pisa and Ravenna of where he was much influenced by the art and literature. He could not prevent himself and started writing articles and criticism. On this line, an essay on metaphysics of Coleridge came out. His essays on Leonardo da Vinci (1869), Sandro Botticelli (1871) and Michelangelo (1871) printed in Fortnightly Review. These essays established a landmark in the history of aesthetic criticism. These last three essays came out under the title as Studies in the History of Renaissance 1873, however, renamed in the second and later editions The Renaissance: Studies in the Art and Poetry. In this collection, an essay on Leonardo and Patter’s daydream about Mona Lisa is much celebrated one. His essay on Botticelli, first in the English language, has revitalised the artistic spirit of the time. In addition, Giorgione, an essay in the third edition, contains much-celebrated quotation “All art constantly aspires towards the condition of music”. William Morris, the final paragraph of the essay served as the conclusion of the collection. The conclusion remained one of the influential and controversial parts of the book.

Marius the Epicurean: His Sensations and Ideas

It was first and last full-length fictional work, published in 1885. It is a historical and philosophical Novel. As historical, it takes us back to 161-177 AD, in the Rome of the Antonines. It tells the story of protagonist’s intellectual and philosophical development. The novelist tries to relate it with his own time. Pater traces the life of Marius throughout his different phase of life period- boyhood, education, ad young manhood. Marius, a serious young Roman with unwholesome religious idealism. Flavin, his friend, like many pater’s characters, dies young.



Previous Posts:

About the Prescribed Authors


Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous







JSSC PGT 2018 (pgttce) English Subject Paradise Lost by John Milton




Paradise Lost

About the Composition 

Originally, Milton wrote Paradise Lost in ten books, subsequently rearranged in twelve books, and first printed in 1667. Paradise Lost, as an epic has indebted to Bible and a range of great epics as sources of information: Milton used the Bible, the book of Genesis, Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil’s Aeneid, and the stories in Greco-Roman mythology. Milton made a little additional change into his original text: he added to the first edition an ‘Argument’, summarizing the contents of each book, and a defensive argument of his choice of verse.

What is an epic poem?

The essential qualities that establish morality
The historical framework and the future destiny of a nation and so on.

Characters:

God the Father: God the Father is portrayed as just but merciful.

God the Son: God the Son volunteers to redeem humanity by becoming human and enduring suffering and death.

Satan or Lucifer: Powerful and proud angel who leads an unsuccessful rebellion against God and suffers eternal damnation. To gain revenge, he devises a plan to corrupt God’s newly created beings, Adam and Eve. However, Nowadays, he is expounded as hero, appreciation always favours him for his undefeatable will. His strength can be determined by his assertion ‘it would be better to rule in hell than to serve in heaven.’

Beelzebub, Mammon, Belial, Moloch: Powerful leaders in Satan’s army.

Sin: Daughter of Satan

Death: Son of Satan

Some Other Angels and Devils

Epic Conventions:

Milton has used some classical epic conventions are the following:
i.                     The invocation of the muse, in which a writer requests divine help in composing his work.
ii.                   Telling a story with which reader or listeners are already familiar. Many great writers, including Shakespeare – frequently told stories already known to the public. Thus, in such stories, there were no unexpected plot twists, no surprise endings.
iii.                 Beginning the story in the middle, a literary convention known by its Latin term in media res (in middle of things).
iv.                 Announcing for introducing a list of characters who play a major role in the story. They may speak at some length about how to resolve a problem.
v.                   Use of dramatic irony: Dramatic irony is a literary device in which a character in a story fails to see or understand what is obvious to the audience reader.


Summary

Book I

In the book first, we have the acquaintances with the zenith of the story. Paradise Lost does not start from the beginning; it begins from the middle of the story. We come to know that the Adam and Eve have been exiled from the Garden of Eden; the exile is given as punishment for eating the fruit of knowledge. Thus, the fall of man is predestined for his disobedience. Poet asserts his message very strongly ‘justify the ways of God to men’. Here we see a burning lake, in the lake, lying defeated archangel Satan, with Beelzebub, his second in command and many rebellious angels. A Pandemonium, the palace of Satan is built from where he introduces the angels. 

Book II

A meeting of the council is convened for the debates whether another battle for the recovery of heaven should be hazarded. Each of members opined concerning the battle; Moloch is recommending for an open war, Belial and Mammon recommending Peace in order to avoid worse torment. Ultimately, Beelzebub comes with a resolution that announced the creation of another world ‘the happy seat/ of some new race called a man’ is better of the alternatives of revenge. Satan decides to visit the earth alone, passes through hell – gates, the gates were guarded by sin and death.

Book III

In book third as characteristics of a typical epic, Milton appeals celestial light to illumine his (referring to his own blindness) ‘ever-during dark’. He describes the God (as we find in On His Blindness). Satan comes on the outer convex of the universe, ‘a Limbo large and broad, since called/The paradise of Fools’. He spots a stair going up to heaven, descends to the sun, disguises himself as ‘a stripling cherub’, and in this shape is directed to earth by Uriel, where he reaches on mount Niphates in Armenia.

Book IV

This time Satan was confused about his further steps, resolves ‘evil be thou my good’ and visits the garden of Eden, where he came to know all about the Adam and Eve and overhears the conversation about forbidden Tree of Knowledge. Satan decides to persuade them to disobey the prohibition and insists to eat the Fruit of Knowledge. However, Satan was discovered by guarding Ithuriel and Zephon; he squats like a toad near the ear of Eve and expelled from the garden by their commander Gabriel.

Book V

With the continuation of Book IV, Book V begins stating how Adam and Eve enjoin the disobedience. God sends Raphael to warn them. They discuss reason, free will, and predestination. Raphael, at Adam’s request, realized them that Satan is inspired by hatred and newly anointed Messiah. Satan inspired his legions to revolt; resisted only by Abdiel.

Book VI

Raphael goes on his narrative, speaks how the fight takes place between Michael and Gabriel and Satan. After prolonged dithery battles, God himself alone attacked the hosts of Satan, drives them to the brink of heaven. He compelled them to go through the chaotic circumstances.

Book VII

In the very beginning of this book, Milton requests Urania to help him to be surrounded by the audience so he could get the inspiration. It is one of the characteristics of an epic, which the poet has used. He also expresses his grievances for his fallen days. Milton requests, ‘fit audience find, though few’. Raphael continues his narratives with God’s decision for the creation of a new world. He describes the creation of another world, took six days and night. A man was the last creation and a renewed warning to Adam that the death would be as the penalty for disobeying the God’s providence: eating of the fruit of the tree of knowledge.

Book VIII

Adam and Eve, having been resided, in the newly created world, he was filled with quests to know more about the recent creation. The discussion between Raphael and Adam and Eve took place. They have had a long talk, quenches the thrusts concerning the motions of celestial bodies, the answer was very doubtful, because those times it was not clear, and decline to decide. Adam asks Raphael regarding the relations between sexes. However, Raphael departs with a final warning ‘ take heed last passion sway/They judgement, Raphael departs.’

Book IX

Milton compares the quality of his epic poem with the great classical authors – Homer and Vergil. Further, he proceeds with the entry of Satan into the body of a Serpent and persuades the Eve, despite Adam’s warning. Adam soon realized that she would become the part of betrayal and will suffer from her free will. However, Adam resolves to undergo the consequence of it. He says:
“If death
 Consort with thee, the death is to me as life.
So forcible within my heart I feel
The bond of nature draw me to my own”
Compromisingly, After all, he made up his mind, eats the fruit. They lost their innocent being, now induced to rational attitude into their conscious being. They found themselves naked, covered their nakedness, fall to the mutual accusation.

Book X

Just after creating the world of Adam and Eve, God sends his Son to Judge their present state. They greet him with guilt and shame and are not happy for what they had committed. Son of God, after hearing their confession concludes that Sin and Death will come to this world, and there is a broad highway leads to the hell. For Satan, Adam and Eve’s disobedience of prohibition and creation of new world considers as his victory. He returns to hell and announces his victory. During the moment of triumph, they changed into serpents chewing the ashes. Adam comes to know that in him ‘all posterity stands cursed’ at first meets Eve and despairs, she wants mercy from Son of God.

Book XI

The Son of God is looking at their repentance, decides to act as arbitrate God decrees that they must leave the Paradise. He sends the Michael to execute his command. The judgement befall on them; will have to leave the happy blessing place Garden of Eden. Eve regrets and Adam requests not to banish from ‘bright appearances’. However, Michael assures them that God is omnipresent. But, later on, he states that Death and miseries of mankind is inevitable and this world will end with flood.

Book XII

Michael relates the subsequent history of Old Testament. He describes the incarnation of Messiah, Death, resurrection, and ascension, which Adam tends to become happy from his own sin. Michael also prophesies that the corrupt church will remain until the second coming. Meanwhile, during these revelations, Eve has been comforted by a dream foretell ‘some great good’. In the end, everything is resolved and assured that they may possess ‘a paradise within’ that will be happier, far better than lost one.

 Some Important Extracts from the Text

Of man’s First Disobedience, and the Fruit,
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste
Brought Death into the world, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful
Seat, sing Meav’nly Muse… (book 1, 1 – 6)

Better to reign in hell, than to serve in heav’n. (book 1, 263)

The mind is its own place, and in itself,
Can make a heav’n of hell, a hell of heav’n. (book 1, 254-255)

God explains that he created man
“Sufficient to have stood, but free to fall” (book 3, 99)

Till thou return into the ground, for thou out
Of the ground wast taken: know thy birth,
 for dust thou art, and shalt to dust return. ( book 10, 206-208)

To thy husband’s will thine shall submit,
He over thee shall rule. (book 10, 195-196)

The world was before them, where to choose
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide:
They hand in hand with wandering steps and slow,
Through Eden took their solitary way. ( Book 10, 1537-1540)

… add faith, Add, Patience,
Temperance, and Love,
By name to come called Charity, the soul
Of all the rest: then wilt though not be loth
To leave this Paradise, but shalt possess
A paradise within thee, happier for. (Book 12. 575-587)



Previous Posts:

About the Prescribed Authors
Thomas Carlyle

Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous






Wednesday 21 February 2018

JSSC PGT 2018 (pgttce) English Subject Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle

His Life

Thomas Carlyle was a multifaceted personality: historian, biographer and essayist. He was born on 4 Dec. 1795 in Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. He went to Annan Academy for his early education then the University of Edinburgh and became a mathematics teacher. He taught mathematics first in Annan then in Kirkcaldy where befriended Edward Irving. Having taught mathematics, he returned to the University of Edinburgh, where he was suffering from an intense crisis of faith and conversion. Subsequently, Carlyle developed stomach ailment that went with him until his death. He was much influenced by German idealism. He was much interested in German literature that brought his life of Schiller appeared in the London Magazine in 1823-24. He studied the works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and translated Gothe’s Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. He proved his mastery over Germany literature by contributing a series of essays for Fraser’s Magazine. As a mathematics teacher, he gave a method used in quadratic equations so-called Carlyle Circle.
Thomas Carlyle married Jane Baillie Welsh in 1826.

Carlyle’s Works

His early works cover periodically, these are Cruthers and Jonson, Life of Schiller following the Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship. In addition to essays on German literature, he commented on modern culture resulted in Signs of the Times and Characteristics. Moreover, during these days he also wrote few articles on the great men of letter, including Goethe, Voltaire and Diderot. Followed by his first major work Sartor Resartus, he moved to Chelsea where he worked on his History of French Revolution, it established a landmark in his career as an author, honoured as the Sage of Chelsea. Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities was written using the events of the French Revolution in the novel. Apart from these, his some of the frequently discussed works are: Chartism (1839), past and Present (1834). Carlyle explored himself to what he called ‘the condition of England Question’

Sartor Resartus

 His first major work appeared as Sartor Resartus or The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrokh (meaning the tailor repatched ) followed in Fraser’s Magazine in 1833-34. It was penned under the influence of a German Romanticism, particularly indebted to Richter. It was written in two parts: a discourse on the philosophy of clothes, leading to a conclusion that all symbols, forms, and human institutions are properly clothes. Some of the notable chapters are The Everlasting No, The Centre of Indifference, and The Everlasting Yea.

Heroes, Hero-Worship and Heroic in the History

It based on a series of lectures on the role of heroes in history published in 1841. Like some his other works, it was too, influenced by a German Philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814). As the title itself points out that, it is a record of some great men of letters. It is a version of history ‘ the biography great men’. Carlyle has termed the great personalities of their fields as hero, categorised into six namely Divinity, Prophet,  Poet, Priest, man of letters  and King, and gave the examples from the history as Dante, William Shakespeare, Martin Luther, John Knox, Samuel Johnson, Jean Jacques, Rousseau, Robert Burns, Oliver Cromwell, and Napoleon Bonaparte.




Previous Posts:

Shakespearean Drama
The Tempest


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous





Tuesday 20 February 2018

JSSC PGT 2018 (pgttce) English Subject Paper II Study Material




The Tempest

Major Characters
Miranda Prospero's daughter.
Antonio Prospero's younger brother.
Ariel A spirit of the air.
Caliban The offspring of the witch Sycorax and the devil.
Ferdinand The son of the king of Naples.
Alonso The king of Naples.
Sebastian Alonso's brother.
Gonzalo A counselor who saves Prospero's and Miranda's lives when they are exiled.
Stefano The king's butler.
Trinculo The king's jester.
Francisco and Adrian Two of the king's lords.
Boatswain The ship's petty officer. He is in charge of the deck crew.

About the Play

The Tempest published in 1611 and was selected for the performance on wedding celebration for Princess Elizabeth and the Elector Palatine. It was the last play by Shakespeare that written without collaboration.


Summary

His brother Antonio has exiled Prospero, the Duke of Milan and living on an island with his child Miranda together. The island, the place of banishment, once used to be the home of a witch called Sycorax. Prospero has the knowledge of magic that he uses to release the spirits imprisoned by the witch, and these now work for the Prospero. Caliban, the witch’s son is also under the control of Prospero and provides services for him. They are living there for twelve years and have no contact by any means form the outer world.
The play begins with a shipwreck carrying the usurper, Alonso, king of Naples, Alonso’s brother Sebastian and son Ferdinand. The plan of the shipwreck is rather operated by the Prospero; he used magical power to wreck the ship. The passengers are saved, but the Ferdinand remained aloof and thought to be drowned in the sea. Ferdinand, according to Prospero’s planning, is left with Miranda to have acquaintances; eventually, they fall in love. Prospero seems to be harsher to Ferdinand and examines his genuine character; he went through the hostile treatments of Prospero. On another part Alonso and Gonzalo, who had helped the Prospero in his banishment. Caliban became ready to kill the Prospero as performing his service to Stefano, a drunken butler, and Trinculo. As the conspirators approach, Prospero breaks off the masque of Iris, Juno, Ceres, which Ariel has presented to Ferdinand and Miranda. Caliban, Stefano, and Trinculo are driven off and Ariel brings the king and his courtiers to Prospero’s cell. All meet together and resolves all misunderstandings or wrong deeds to each other. Prospero greets Gonzalo his old preserver, forgives his brother, Antonio, on the condition that he will restore his dukedom. Alonso reunites with his son Ferdinand , who is discovered playing chess with Miranda. Alonso repents his wrong deeds done to Prospero. Antonio and Sebastian do not speak directly to Prospero, but pass ironical comments with each other.
Before leaving for Italy, Prospero frees Ariel from his service and leaves Caliban once more alone on the island.  

Some Important Extracts from the Text

O, I have suffered
With those that I saw suffer.

(Miranda, Act 1 Scene 2)

My library was dukedom large enough.
(Prospero,  Act 1 Scene 2)

Ferdinand,
With hair up-staring – then like reeds, not hair –
Was the first man that leaped; cried ‘Hell is empty
And all the devils are here.’

(Ariel, Act 1 Scene 2)

For I am all the subjects that you have,
Which first was mine own king.

(Caliban, Act 1 Scene 2)

Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows. 
(Trinculo, Act 2 Scene 2)

Hast thou not dropped from heaven?
(Caliban, Act 2 Scene 2)

I am your wife, if you will marry me:
If not, I'll die your maid: to be your fellow
You may deny me, but I'll be your servant,
Whether you will or no.

(Miranda, Act 3 Scene 1)

The clouds methought would open and show riches
Ready to drop upon me, that when I waked,
I cried to dream again.

(Caliban, Act 3 Scene 2)

Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits and
Are melted into air, into thin air;
And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on: and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep.

(Prospero, Act 4 Scene 1)

Where the bee sucks, there suck I:
In a cowslip's bell I lie:
There I couch when owls do cry.
On the bat's back I do fly
After summer merrily.
Merrily, merrily, shall I live now
Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

(Ariel, Act 5 Scene 1)

O, wonder!
How many goodly creatures are there here!
How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,
That has such people in't.

(Miranda, Act 5 Scene 1)

As you from crimes would pardoned be,
Let your indulgence set me free.

(Prospero, Epilogue) 



Previous Posts:

Shakespearean Drama


Paraphrases of the poems

Miscellaneous




Sunday 18 February 2018

JSSC PGTTCE English Paper Hamlet by Shakespeare



 As per notice published on JSSC website, JSSC PGT (PGTTCE) exam is going to held in the month of March; we have very less time to complete or thorough study of the text of prescribed books. Therefore, we have decided to come with the Daily Notes of English subject. We will be publishing each day with a new author or new topic, so that within the limited days we will have a good collection of materials.




Previous Posts:

 As You Like It 
 Henry IV.

Source
The chief source of this play is Saxo-Grammaticus’ narrative in Historaie Danicae, as retold by Belleforest in his Histories Tragiques.

Major Characters
King Hamlet – king of Denmark and husband of Gertrude, killed by his brother Claudius.
Hamlet Junior- a university student, son of King Hamlet who later swears to take the revenge.
Claudius- King Hamlet’s brother and marriages Gertrude.
Ophelia- Hamlet Junior’s beloved who dies by drowning herself.
Gertrude- King Hamlet’s wife who later on marriages Claudius.
Polonius- Ophelia’s father who works for Claudius as a spy but is mistakably killed by Hamlet the junior.
Horatio- one of the Hamlet’s friend who keeps the secrecy of Hamlet’s plan and madness.
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern- both work for Claudius who have been instructed to kill the Hamlet the Junior but failed to do so and both killed by Young Hamlet.

Summary  
Hamlet is one of the greatest tragedies written by Shakespeare. Somehow, it is distinct from other great tragedies, unlike others, its hero or protagonist is a university student who has come recently after hearing the news of his father’s death. Here, Hamlet Junior is often overwhelmed by conflictions in reaching on any final decision. In the beginning, he was not ready to accept that his uncle Claudius is the murderer of his father, when he encountered the ghost of his father and ghost’s accusation of his murder by Claudius is left Hamlet Junior in confliction believing on it. He was also shocked to know that his father’s murderer has become his step-father; Gertrude, Hamlet Junior’s mother marriages the Claudius. Claudius killed the king Hamlet by pouring the poison into his ear. Now young Hamlet determined to kill the murderer of his father, he was looking for the chances to avenge. He plotted a plan and warns his friend Horatio and the Guard Marcellus that he pretends to madness, and swears them to secrecy.
Dubious Hamlet and his famous speech of deliberation ‘to be or not to be’, he rejects Ophelia, whom he loves more than anyone. On the other hand, Polonius, Ophelia’s father is working for Claudius as spy. Meanwhile, the young Hamlet welcomes a troupe of visiting players, and arranges a performance of a play ‘the mouse trap’ about fratricide, which Claudius breaks off, in completely fearful and with guilty temperament, when the player Lucianus appears to murder his uncle by pouring poison in his ear. Hamlet refrains from killing Claudius while he is at player, but stabs Polonius through the arras in his mother’s closet. Claudius sends Hamlet to England with sealed orders that he should be killed on arrival. However, Hamlet outwits him, somehow, returning to Denmark, having arranged the deaths of his old friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who were his uncle’s agents.
Ophelia became insane after the rejection and then the death of her father, and is found drowned. Her brother Laertes, having returned from France, is determined to avenge his sister’s death. They fight in her graveyard where Ophelia is to be buried. Claudius arranges a fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes, giving Laertes a poisoned foil; an exchange of weapons results in the death of both Combatants. Gertrude drinks a poisoned cup intended for her son, and the dying Hamlet succeeds in killing Claudius.

Some Important Extracts from the Play

O, that this too, too solid flesh would melt,
Thaw and resolve itself into a dew!

(Hamlet, Act 1 Scene 2

Neither a borrower nor a lender be, 
For loan oft loses both itself and friend, 
And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.

(Polonius, Act 1 Scene 3)

...though I am native here
And to the manner born, it is a custom 
More honoured in the breach than the observance.

(Hamlet, Act 1 Scene 4)

Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.

(Marcellus, Act 1 Scene 4)

That one may smile and smile and be a villain.

(Hamlet, Act 1 Scene 5)

There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in our philosophy.

(Hamlet, Act 1 Scene 5)

Brevity is the soul of wit.

(Polonius, Act 2 Scene 2) 

Though this be madness, yet there is method in't.

(Polonius, Act 2 Scene 2) 

There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so.

(Hamlet, Act 2 Scene 2)

O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I! 

(Hamlet, Act 2 Scene 2)

To be, or not to be, that is the question.

(Hamlet, Act 3 Scene 1)

The lady protests too much, methinks.

(Gertrude, Act 3 Scene 2)

How all occasions do inform against me, and spur my dull revenge. 

( soliloquy by Hamlet Act 4 Scene 3)

Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio: A fellow of infinite jest.  

(Hamlet, Act 5 Scene 1)

If it be now, 'tis not to come: if it be not to come, it will be now: if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all.
 

(Hamlet, Act 5 Scene 2)

The rest is silence. 

(Hamlet, Act 5 Scene 2)

Goodnight, sweet prince,
And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest!

(Horatio, Act 5 Scene 2)

  

Thursday 15 February 2018

JSSC PGT 2018 (pgttce) English Subject Paper II Study Material



 As per notice published on JSSC website, JSSC PGT (PGTTCE) exam is going to held in the month of March; we have very less time to complete or thorough study of the text of prescribed books. Therefore, we have decided to come with the Daily Notes of English subject. We will be publishing each day with a new author or new topic, so that within the limited days we will have a good collection of materials.



                             Henry IV by William Shakespeare

Title & Publication
Henry IV is written in three parts, each has specific title: Part I was remained unpublished for a long period, the title was doubted throughout 18th and 19th century, and finally published in the First Folio 1623. Part II published in 1594 anonymously entitled as The First Part of the Contention betwixt the Two famous Houses of York and Lancaster…, and the Part III published in 1595 as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York, and the Death of Good King Henry the Sixth.

Source
The main sources of this play are the Chronicles of Edward Hall and Holinshed.

Major Characters

King Henry IV
 -  The ruling king of England.
Prince Harry -  King Henry IV’s son, who will eventually become King Henry V.
Hotspur -  The son and heir of the Earl of Northumberland and the nephew of the Earl of Worcester.
Sir John Falstaff -  A fat old man between the ages of about fifty and sixty-five who hangs around in taverns on the wrong side of London and makes his living as a thief, highwayman, and mooch.
Earl of Westmoreland -  A nobleman and military leader who is a close companion and valuable ally of King Henry IV.
Lord John of Lancaster -  The younger son of King Henry and the younger brother of Prince Harry. John proves himself wise and valiant in battle, despite his youth.
Sir Walter Blunt  - A loyal and trusted ally of the king and a valuable warrior.
Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester -  Hotspur’s uncle. Shrewd and manipulative, Worcester is the mastermind behind the Percy rebellion.
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland -  Hotspur’s father.
 Edmund Mortimer, called the Earl of March  - The Welsh rebel Owain Glyndwr’s son-in-law.
Owain Glyndwr -  The leader of the Welsh rebels and the father of Lady Mortimer.
 Archibald, Earl of Douglas -  The leader of the large army of Scottish rebels against King Henry.
Sir Richard Vernon -  A relative and ally of the Earl of Worcester.
The Archbishop of York -  The archbishop, whose given name is Richard Scrope, has a grievance against King Henry and thus conspires on the side of the Percys.
Ned Poins, Bardolph, and Peto -  Criminals and highwaymen.
 Gadshill -  Another highwayman friend of Harry, Falstaff, and the rest.
Mistress Quickly -  Hostess of the Boar’s Head Tavern, a seedy dive in Eastcheap, London, where Falstaff and his friends go to drink.

Summary
Part I
 The play begins with the Funeral of Henry V, on the other hand a war was going on in France in which Talbot, a very energetic leader from English side, and the Joan of Arc, La Pucelle, from the France. The war resulted as the deaths of gallant Talbot and with his valliant Son Talbot near the Bordeaux. A very important event take place in the Temple garden confirms the opposition of Plantagent and York in the subsequent wars through the plucking of red and white roses. An arrangement for a marriage is arranged by earl of Suffolk between the Young Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, daughter of king of Naples.
Part II
This part begins with Henry’s marriage to Margaret. Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, the lord protector becomes angry when he came to known about the giving of Anjou and Maine to Margaret’s father for her marriage. Eleanor, Humphrey’s wife is banished as a witch and Humphrey is arrested on a charge of high treason, against the king’s better judgement, and murdered. Suffolk is banished and, after a farewell to queen Margaret, murdered by pirates on the Kent Coast. Meanwhile, Richard, duke of York, pretender to the throne, instigates Jack Cade to rebellion; after considerable success, Cade is eventually killed by Alexander Iden, a Kentish gentleman. The final act concerns the Battle of St. Albans, in which Somerset is killed, a victory for the Yorkists.
Some Important Extracts from the Text
Part I
In those holy fields,
Over whose acres walked those blessed feet
Which fourteen hundred years ago were nailed
For our advantage on the bitter cross.

(King Henry IV, Act 1 Scene 1)
Thou art so fat-witted with drinking of old sack and unbuttoning thee after supper and sleeping upon benches in the afternoon, that thou hast forgotten to demand that truly which thou wouldst truly know.
(Prince Henry, Act 1 Scene 2)
Let us be Diana’s foresters, gentlemen of the shade, minions of the moon.
(Falstaff, Act 1 Scene 2)
Yet herein will I imitate the sun,
Who doth permit the base contagious clouds
To smother up his beauty from the world.

(Prince Henry, Act 1 Scene 2)
By heaven, methinks it were an easy leap,
To pluck bright honour from the pale-faced moon,
Or dive into the bottom of the deep,
Where fathom-line could never touch the ground,
And pluck up drowned honour by the locks.

(Hotspur, Act 1 Scene 3)
It would be argument for a week, laughter for a month, and a good jest for ever.
(Prince Henry, Act 2 Scene 2)
There lives not three good men unhanged in England, and one of them is fat and grows old.
(Falstaff, Act 2 Scene 4)
That trunk of humours, that bolting-hutch of beastliness, that swollen parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of guts, that roasted Manningtree ox with the pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice, that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that Vanity in years?
(Prince Henry, Act 2 Scene 4)
Falstaff: Banish plump Jack, and banish all the world.
Prince Henry: I do, I will.

(Act 2 Scene 4)
While you live, tell truth and shame the devil!
(Hotspur, Act 3 Scene 1)
He was but as the cuckoo is in June,
Heard, not regarded.

(King Henry IV, Act 3 Scene 2)
This sickness doth infect
The very life-blood of our enterprise.

(Hotspur, Act 4 Scene 1)
Food for powder, food for powder. They’ll fill a pit as well as better.
(Falstaff, Act 4 Scene 2)
Can Honour set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a wound? No. Honour hath no skill in surgery then? No. What is Honour? A word. What is that word ‘honour’? Air.
(Falstaff, Act 5 Scene 1)
O, Harry, thou hast robbed me of my youth!
(Hotspur, Act 5 Scene 3)
Thy ignominy sleep with thee in the grave,
But not remembered in thy epitaph!

(Prince Henry, Act 5 Scene 4)

Part II
Rumour is a pipe
Blown by surmises, jealousies, conjectures
And of so easy and so plain a stop
That the blunt monster with uncounted heads,
The still-discordant wavering multitude,
Can play upon it.

(Rumour, Induction)
Let heaven kiss earth! Now let not Nature's hand
Keep the wild flood confined! Let order die!
And let this world no longer be a stage
To feed contention in a ling’ring act.

(Northumberland, Act 1 Scene 1)
I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in other men.
(Falstaff, Act 1 Scene 2)
Since all is well, keep it so: wake not a sleeping wolf.
(Lord Chief Justice, Act 1 Scene 2)
We are time’s subjects, and time bids be gone.
(Hastings, Act 1 Scene 3)
Past and to come, seem best; things present worst.
(Archbishop of York, Act 1 Scene 3)
He hath eaten me out of house and home.
(Hostess Quickly, Act 2 Scene 1)
Let the end try the man.
(Prince Henry, Act 2 Scene 2)
Thus we play the fools with the time, and the spirits of the wise sit in the clouds and mock us.
(Prince Henry, Act 2 Scene 2)
He was indeed the glass
Wherein the noble youth did dress themselves.

(Lady Percy, Act 2 Scene 3)
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
(King Henry IV, Act 3 Scene 1)
A man can die but once: we owe a death.
(Feeble, Act 3 Scene 2)
We have heard the chimes at midnight.
(Falstaff, Act 3 Scene 2)
Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought.
(King Henry IV, Act 4 Scene 2)
Commit
The oldest sins the newest kind of ways.

(King Henry IV, Act 4 Scene 4)
His cares are now all ended.
(Warwick, Act 5 Scene 2)
Falstaff: My king, my Jove! I speak to thee, my heart!
King Henry V: I know thee not, old man. Fall to thy prayers.
How ill white hairs become a fool and jester!

(Act 5 Scene 5)
Presume not that I am the thing I was.
(King Henry V, Act 5 Scene 5)
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